search, which indicated that the "discipline imposed on lower-class children tends to be significantly more severe" than middle-class discipline, supported "Lipset's now well-known material on working-class authoritarianism." Subsequent studies added to the charge of punitive discipline a steadily lengthening list of offenses against enlightened practice: rigid sexual stereotypes, an exaggerated sense of personal honor, emotional inexpressiveness, lack of sophistication in interpersonal relations, ignorance of psychology, and a "trained incapacity to share," in Mirra Komarovsky's phrase. In her standard monograph, Blue-Collar Marriage (1962), Komarovsky said that her visits to working-class households "transported" her, "as if by a Wellsian time machine, into an older era, one of pre-Freudian innocence about human nature," in which such concepts as "emotional security" and the "capacity to relate to others" were unknown. Komarovsky considered this "paucity of ideas," this "ignorance of psychological dynamics," a source of emotional maladjustment. A similar point of view informed Donald McKinley's observation that working-class parents did not think of the child "as a product." Once this might have been taken as a tribute to working-class spontaneity. To McKinley, however, it suggested an insufficiency of "emotional capital," which led to "severe socialization of the child, hostility to whatever is human and emotional, ... and general alienation from prevailing social norms."

The shift from a sympathetic to a censorious view of working-class culture reflected a growing enthusiasm for medical and psychiatric expertise as well as a change in the political climate. Working-class resistance to therapeutic intervention provided one more indication of cultural backwardness. A revealing essay, "Underutilization of Medical-Care Services by Blue-Collarites," located the source of the trouble in a fatalistic attitude toward the body.

It is as though the white-collar class thinks of the body as a machine to be preserved and kept in perfect functioning condition, whether through prosthetic devices, rehabilitation, cosmetic surgery, or perpetual treatment, whereas blue-collar groups think of the body as having a limited span of utility: to be enjoyed in youth and then to suffer with and to endure stoically with age and decrepitude.

-462-